Herbert H. Clark Professor of Psychology Stanford University Jordan Hall, Building 420 Stanford, CA 94305-2130 herb(at)psych.stanford.edu Phone: (650) 725-2435 Fax: (650) 725-5699
Interests	Selected Publications	Download CV

Interests:

• Cognitive and social processes in language use
• Interactive processes in conversation, from speech disfluencies through acts of speaking and understanding to the emergence of discourse
• Word meaning and word use

Selected Publications:

Books

• Clark, H. H. (1976). Semantics and comprehension. The Hague: Mouton.
• Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology and language: An introduction to psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
• Clark, H. H. (1992). Arenas of language use. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Common ground and grounding

• Clark, H. H., & Marshall, C. R. (1978). Reference diaries (pp. 57-63). In D. L. Waltz (Ed.), Theoretical issues in natural language processing (Vol. 2). New York: Association for Computing Machinery. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Marshall, C. R. (1981). Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In A. K. Joshi, B. Webber, & I. Sag (Eds.), Elements of discourse understanding (pp. 10-63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Isaacs, E. A., & Clark, H. H. (1987). References in conversations between experts and novices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 116, 26-37. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Schaefer, E. F. (1989). Contributing to discourse. Cognitive Science , 13, 259-294. PDF
• Clark, H. H., and Brennan, S. A. (1991). Grounding in communication. In L.B. Resnick, J.M. Levine, & S.D. Teasley (Eds.). Perspectives on socially shared cognition . Washington: APA Books. PDF
• Wilkes-Gibbs, D., & Clark, H. H. (1992). Coordinating beliefs in conversation. Journal of Memory and Cognition , 31, 183-194. PDF
• Brennan, S. E. & Clark, H. H. (1996). Conceptual pacts and lexical choice in conversation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22, 1482-1493. PDF
• Clark, H. H. & Krych, M. A. (2004). Speaking while monitoring addressees for understanding. Journal of Memory and Language , 50(1), 62-81. PDF

Addressees and overhearers

• Clark, H. H., & Carlson, T. B. (1982). Hearers and speech acts. Language , 58, 332-373. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Schaefer, E. F. (1987). Concealing one's meaning from overhearers. Journal of Memory and Language , 26, 209-225. PDF
• Schober, M. F., & Clark, H. H. (1989). Understanding by addressees and overhearers. Cognitive Psychology , 21, 211-232. PDF
• Clark, H. H., and Schaefer, E. F. (1992). Dealing with overhearers. In H. H. Clark, Arenas of language use . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. PDF

Disfluencies and strategies in speaking

• Smith, V. L., & Clark, H. H. (1993). On the course of answering questions. Journal of Memory and Language , 32, 25-38. PDF
• Fox Tree, J. E., & Clark, H. H. (1997). Pronouncing "the" as "thee" to signal problems in speaking. Cognition , 62, 151-167. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Wasow, T. (1998). Repeating words in spontaneous speech. Cognitive Psychology , 37, 201-242. PDF
• Clark, H. H. (1999). Passing time in conversation. Proceedings of the workshop on the structure of spoken and written texts , January 29-31, University of Texas, Austin. PDF
• Clark, H. H. (2002). Speaking in time. Speech Communication, 36, 5-13.
• Clark, H. H. & Fox Tree, J. E. (2002). Using uh and um in spontaneous speech. Cognition , 84, 73-111. PDF
• Clark, H. H. (2004). Pragmatics of language performance. In L. R. Horn & G. Ward (Eds.), Handbook of pragmatics . Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 365-382. PDF

Referring as a collaborative process

• Clark, H. H., Schreuder, R., & Buttrick, S. (1983). Common ground and the understanding of demonstrative reference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 22, 245- 258. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986). Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition , 22, 1-39. PDF
• Isaacs, E. A., & Clark, H. H. (1987). References in conversations between experts and novices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 116, 26-37. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Schaefer, E. F. (1987). Collaborating on contributions to conversation. Language and Cognitive Processes, 2, 19-41.
• Clark, H. H., & Schaefer, E. F. (1989). Contributing to discourse. Cognitive Science , 13, 259-294. PDF
• Brennan, S. E. & Clark, H. H. (1996). Conceptual pacts and lexical choice in conversation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22, 1482-1493. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Bangerter, A. (2004). Changing conceptions of reference. In I. Noveck & D. Sperber (Eds.), Experimental pragmatics . Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 25-49. PDF
• Clark, H. H. & Krych, M. A. (2004). Speaking while monitoring addressees for understanding. Journal of Memory and Language , 50(1), 62-81. PDF

Speech acts

• Clark, H. H., & Schunk, D. H. (1980). Polite responses to polite requests. Cognition , 8, 111-143. PDF
• Clark, H. H. (1979). Responding to indirect speech acts. Cognitive Psychology , 11, 430-477. PDF
• Francik, E. P., & Clark, H. H. (1985). How to make requests that overcome obstacles to compliance. Journal of Memory and Language , 24, 560-568. PDF
• Isaacs, E. A., & Clark, H. H. (1990). Ostensible invitations. Language in Society, 19, 493-509.
• Clark, H. H., & Gerrig, R. J. (1990). Quotations as demonstrations. Language , 66, 764-805. PDF

Joint actions

• Whittaker, S. J., Brennan, S. E., & Clark, H. H. (1991). Coordinating activity: An analysis of interaction in computer-supported cooperative work. Proceedings, CHI 91, Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press.
• Bangerter, A., Clark, H. H., & Katz, A. R. (2004). Navigating joint projects in telephone conversations. Discourse Processes, 37, 1-23. PDF
• Bangerter, A., & Clark, H. H. (2003) Navigating joint projects with dialogue. Cognitive Science, 27, 195-225. PDF
• Clark, H. H. (in press). Coordinating with each other in a material world. Discourse and Society. PDF

Semantics and pragmatics

• Clark, H. H., & Chase, W. G. (1972). On the process of comparing sentences against pictures. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 472-517. PDF
• Clark, H. H. (1975). Bridging. In R. C. Schank & B. L. Nash-Webber (Eds.), Theoretical issues in natural language processing . New York: Association for Computing Machinery. PDF
• Clark, E. V., & Clark, H. H. (1979). When nouns surface as verbs. Language , 55, 767-811. Reprinted in: F. Katamba (Ed.), Critical concepts in linguistics, vol. 5 : Morphology: its relation to semantics and the lexicon . London: Routledge, 2003. Pp. 128-183. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Gerrig, R. J. (1983). Understanding old words with new meanings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 22, 591-608. PDF
• Morrow, D. G., & Clark, H. H. (1988). Interpreting words in spatial descriptions. Language and Cognitive Processes, 3, 275-292.
• Clark, H. H., and Schober, M. F. (1992). Asking questions and influencing answers. In J. M. Tanur (Ed.). Questions about questions: Inquiries into the cognitive bases of surveys . New York: Russell Sage. PDF
• Clark, H. H. (1999). How do real people communicate with virtual partners? Proceedings of 1999 AAAI Fall Symposium, Psychological Models of Communication in Collaborative Systems, November 5-7th, 1999, North Falmouth, MA.
• Clark, H. H. (2003). Pointing and placing. In S. Kita (Ed.), Pointing. Where language, culture, and cognition meet (pp. 243-268). Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum. PDF

General essays

• Clark, H. H. (1985). Language use and language users. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 179-231). New York: Harper and Row.
• Clark, H. H. (1994). Discourse in production. In M. A. Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics. San Diego: Academic Press.
• Clark, H. H. (1997). Dogmas of understanding. Discourse Processes , 23, 567-598. PDF
• Clark, H. H., & Bly, B. (1995). Pragmatics and discourse. In J. L. Miller & P. D. Eimas (Eds.), Handbook of Perception and Cognition, Vol 11: Speech, language, and communication. New York: Academic Press.
• Clark, H. H. (2001). Conversation. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences . London: Elsevier. PDF
• Clark, H. H. (1996). Communities, commonalities, and communication. In J. Gumperz and S. Levinson (Eds.), Rethinking linguistic relativity (pp. 324-355). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Clark, H. H. (1999). Psycholinguistics. MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. MIT Press.
• Clark, H. H., & Van Der Wege, M. (2001). Imagination in discourse. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen, & H. E. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of discourse analysis. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Clark, H. H. & Van Der Wege, M. (2002). Psycholinguistics. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), Stevens Handbook of Experimental Psychology, Third Edition: Cognition (pp. 209-259). New York: John Wiley.
• Clark, H. H. (2002). Conversation, structure of. In L. Nadel (Ed.) Enyclopedia of Cognitive Science . Basingstoke, England: Macmillan. PDF